more of his works:
EL TRATO DE ARGEL, 1582-87 - The Commerce of Algiers (tr. G.W.J. Gyll, 1870)
LA NUMANCIA, 1582-87 - Numantia (tr. G.W.J. Gyll, 1870)
LA GALATEA, 1585
EL INGENIOSO HIDALGO DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA I, 1605; part II, 1615 - The History of Don Quixote of the Mancha (tr. by Thomas Shelton, 1612) / subsequent translations of Don Quixote by Tobias Smollett, 1755 (History and Adventures of the Renowned Don Quixote); Charles Jarvis, 1883; Samuel Putnam, 1949; J.M. Cohen, 1950; Walter Starkie, 1957; Pierre Motteux, 1991 - Don Quixote de la Mancha eli ritari surullisen muodon ritaristosta (suom. Pekka Ikonen, 1877) / Mielevä hidalgo Don Quijote manchalainen (suom. J.A. Hollo, 1927-28) - Don Quixote film version: France 1902 and 1908, Italy 1910, France 1911, U.S.A. 1915, Britain 1923, Denmark 1926 (dir. Lau Lauritzen, starring Carl Schenstrøm, Harald Madsen), France 1933 (dir. by G.W. Pabst, starring Feodor Chaliapin Sr., Dorville), Spain 1947 (dir. Rafael Gil, starring Rafael Rivelles), USSR 1957: Don Kikhot (dir. by Grigori Kozintsev, starring Nikolai Cherkasov, Yuri Tolubeyev), Britain 1972: Man of La Mancha (dir. Arthur Hiller, starring Peter O'Toole, Sophia Loren, James Coco) and 1975 (ballet version with Nureyev), Spain/Italy/USA 1992: Don Quijote de Orson Welles (dir. Orson Welles, starring Francisco Reiguera, Akim Tamiroff), Spain 2002 (dir. Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón, starring Juan Luis Galiardo, Carlos Iglesias). Terry Gillam's film project was shut down in 2002. Gillam started shooting in September 2000. Keith Fulton's and Louis Pepe's documentary film Lost in La Mancha (2002) recorded the calamitous attempt.
NOVELLAS EJEMPLARES, 1613 - Exemplary Novels (tr. James Mabbe, 1640) / Six Exemplary Novels (tr. by Harriet de Onís, 1961) / Exemplary Stories (tr. by C.A. Jones) / Exemplary Stories (trans. by Lesley Lipson, 1972) / Exemplary Novels (4 vols., tr. by B.W. Ife and others, 1992) - Novelleja (suom. Walter O. Streng-Renkonen, 1936) / Opettavaisia kertomuksia (suom. Arto Rintala, 2007)
OCHO COMEDIAS Y OCHO ENTREMESES NUEVOS, 1615 - Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes
LOS BAÑOS DER ARGEL, 1615 (play)
LA ENTRETENIDA, 1615 (play)
LA CASA DE LOS CELOS Y SELVAS DE ARDENIA, 1615 (play)
EL GALLARDO ESPAÑOL, 1615 (play)
LA GRAN SULTANA, DOÑA CATALINA DE OVIEDO, 1615 (play)
EL LABERINTO DE AMOR, 1615 (play)
EL RUFIÁN DICHOSO, CRISTÓBAL DE LUGO, 1615 (play)
LA CUEVA DE SALAMANCA, 1615 (play, written in 1611?) - The Cave of Salamanca, in World Drama, vol. 2 (tr. by M. Jagendorf, 1933)
LA GUARDA DE LOS ALCALDES DE DAGANZO, 1615 (play)
LA GUARDA CUIDADOSA, 1615 (play, written in 1611?) - The Hawk-eyed Sentinel, in Spanish Drama (tr. by A. Flores and J. Liss, 1962) / The Vigilant Sentinel
EL JUEZ DE LOS DIVORCIOS, 1615 (play)
EL RETABLO DE LAS MARAVILLAS, 1615 (play, written ca. 1585)
EL RUFIÁN VIUDO LLAMADO TRAMPAGOS, 1615 (play)
EL VIEJO CELOSO, 1615 (play) - The Jealous Old Husband, in Eight Spanish Plays of the Golden Age (tr. by W. Starkie, 1964)
EL VIZCAÌNO FINGIDO, 1615 (play, written ca. 1611?)
LOS TRABAIOS DE PERSILES Y SIGISMUNDA, 1617 - The Labors of Persiles and Sigismunda: A Northern Story
EL CERCO DE NUMANCIA, 1784 (play, written ca. 1585/87) - The Siege of Numantie, in The Classic Theatre, vol. 2 (ed. E.R. Bentley, tr. R. Campbell, 1958-1961)
LOS TRATOS DE ARGEL, 1784 (play, prod. after 1580)
Voyage to Parnassus, Numancia and the Commerce of Algiers, 1870 (trans. by G.W.J. Gyll)
ENTREMESES, 1911 (in NUEVA BIBLIOTECA DE AUTORES ESPAÑOLES, vol. XVII)
ENTREMESES, 1916
OBRAS COMPLETAS, 1914-41 (19 vols., ed. by R. Schevill and A. Bonilla y San Martín)
ENTREMESES, 1945 (ed. M. Herrero García)
The Interludes of Cervantes, 1948 (tr. by S.G. Morley)
Interludes, 1964 (tr. by E. Honig)
Friday, March 6, 2009
Don Quixote (part I; 1605; part II 1615) - Often called the first modern novel, originally conceived as a comic satire against the chivalric romances. The work has been interpreted in many ways since its appearance. It has been seen as a veiled attack on the Catholic Church or on the contemporary Spanish politics, or symbolizing the duality of the Spanish character. Cervantes himself had believed in uplifting rhetoric, fought for Spain, and when he returned to Madrid after slavery, he found out that the government ignored his services. The English writer Ford Madox Ford stated in The March of Literature (1938) that Cervantes did with his book to the world a disservice: "The gentle ideal of chivalry is the one mediaeval trait which, had it survived as an influence, might have saved our unfortunate civilization."
"Every one is as God made him and oftentimes a good deal worse."
Neither wholly tragedy nor wholly comedy Don Quixote gives a panoramic view of the 17th-century Spanish society. Central characters are the elderly, idealistic knight, who sets out on his old horse Rosinante to seek adventure, and the materialistic squire Sancho Panza, who accompanies his master from failure to another. Their relationship, although they argue most fiercely, is ultimately founded upon mutual respect. In the debates they gradually take on some of each other's attributes.
"It seems to me," said Sancho, "that the knights who did all these things were driven to them... but... why should you go crazy? What lady has rejected you...? "That is exactly it," replied Don Quixote, "that's just how beautifully I've worked it all out - because for a knight errant to go crazy for good reason, how much is that worth? My idea is to become a lunatic for no reason at all..."
Before the good Knight of La Mancha dubs himself Don Quixote, his name is Quijida or Quesada. His is a country gentleman, around fifty. During his travels, dressed in a old, black suit of armor, Don Quixote's overexcited imagination blinds him to reality: he thinks windmills to be giants, flocks of sheep to be armies, and galley-slaves to be oppressed gentlemen. Sancho is named governor of the isle of Barataria, a mock title, and Don Quixote is bested in a duel with the Knight of the White Moon, in reality a student of his acquaintance in disguise. Don Quixote is passionately devoted to his own imaginative creation, the beautiful Dulcinea. "Oh Dulcinea de Tobosa, day of my night, glory of my suffering, true North and compass of every path I take, guiding star of my fate..." The hero returns to La Mancha, and only at his deathbed Don Quixote confesses the folly of his past adventures. – Cervantes's influence is seen among others in the works of Sir Walter Scott, Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, also in the works of James Joyce and Jorge Luis Borges, who wrote a short story about an author, Pierre Menard, who undertook to compose Don Quixote – not another Quixote, but the Quixote. After studies of Spanish, history, and the Catholic faith, he writes the novel, word for word. " Cervantes's text and Menard's are verbally identical, but the second is almost infinitely richer. (More ambiguous, his detractors will say, but ambiguity is richness.)" - Borges in 'Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote
"Every one is as God made him and oftentimes a good deal worse."
Neither wholly tragedy nor wholly comedy Don Quixote gives a panoramic view of the 17th-century Spanish society. Central characters are the elderly, idealistic knight, who sets out on his old horse Rosinante to seek adventure, and the materialistic squire Sancho Panza, who accompanies his master from failure to another. Their relationship, although they argue most fiercely, is ultimately founded upon mutual respect. In the debates they gradually take on some of each other's attributes.
"It seems to me," said Sancho, "that the knights who did all these things were driven to them... but... why should you go crazy? What lady has rejected you...? "That is exactly it," replied Don Quixote, "that's just how beautifully I've worked it all out - because for a knight errant to go crazy for good reason, how much is that worth? My idea is to become a lunatic for no reason at all..."
Before the good Knight of La Mancha dubs himself Don Quixote, his name is Quijida or Quesada. His is a country gentleman, around fifty. During his travels, dressed in a old, black suit of armor, Don Quixote's overexcited imagination blinds him to reality: he thinks windmills to be giants, flocks of sheep to be armies, and galley-slaves to be oppressed gentlemen. Sancho is named governor of the isle of Barataria, a mock title, and Don Quixote is bested in a duel with the Knight of the White Moon, in reality a student of his acquaintance in disguise. Don Quixote is passionately devoted to his own imaginative creation, the beautiful Dulcinea. "Oh Dulcinea de Tobosa, day of my night, glory of my suffering, true North and compass of every path I take, guiding star of my fate..." The hero returns to La Mancha, and only at his deathbed Don Quixote confesses the folly of his past adventures. – Cervantes's influence is seen among others in the works of Sir Walter Scott, Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, also in the works of James Joyce and Jorge Luis Borges, who wrote a short story about an author, Pierre Menard, who undertook to compose Don Quixote – not another Quixote, but the Quixote. After studies of Spanish, history, and the Catholic faith, he writes the novel, word for word. " Cervantes's text and Menard's are verbally identical, but the second is almost infinitely richer. (More ambiguous, his detractors will say, but ambiguity is richness.)" - Borges in 'Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote
The first that Master Nicholas put into his hand was "The four books of Amadis of Gaul." "This seems a mysterious thing," said the curate, "for, as I have heard say, this was the first book of chivalry printed in Spain, and from this all the others derive their birth and origin; so it seems to me that we ought inexorably to condemn it to the flames as the founder of so vile a sect."--ibid,
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was born in 1547 in the city of Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid, Spain, the fourth of seven children born to noble Castilian surgeon Don Rodrigo de Cervantes and doña Leonor de Cortinas (1593). "There were but two families in the world, Have-much and Have-little." Rodrigo was imprisoned because of debts in 1551, and it brought much hardship to the rest of the family. After studying philosophy and literature in Italy, Miguel enlisted as a soldier in Naples in 1570. Aboard the ship Marquesa he lost the use of his left hand 'by a musket-shot in the battle of Lepanto' [1571] . A few years later the galley that Cervantes was sailing home on was captured by Barbary pirates. He was enslaved in Algiers along with many other Christians. While he did attempt to escape, it was not until 1580 that his family, especially by the efforts of his mother, and the Trinitarians, were able to pay ransom for him.
Living in Madrid, Cervantes had an affair with Ana de Villafranca, with whom he had a daughter, Isabel de Saavedra. In 1584 he married Catalina de Palacios and started writing plays and poetry, "The pen is the tongue of the mind." including a pastoral romance in verse and prose La Galatea (1585), his first published work. When his writing produced little income he obtained a position with the government, and worked for the Spanish Armada and as a tax collector. Many times he ran into financial and other difficulties for which he was imprisoned.
In 1604, Cervantes and his wife and daughter were living in Valladolid. After the publication of Don Quixote they moved back to Madrid. The Exemplary Novels of Cervantes (Novelas ejemplares) was published in 1613, which includes tales of pirates gypsies, inspired by Cervantes' own life experiences. The same year it was published, he joined the Third Order of Saint Francis. The second part of Don Quixote (1615) was followed by Persiles and Segismunda (1616). Miguel de Cervantes died in 1616 and is buried in the Convent of the Barefoot Trinitarians (Convento de los Trinitarios) in Madrid, Spain.
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was born in 1547 in the city of Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid, Spain, the fourth of seven children born to noble Castilian surgeon Don Rodrigo de Cervantes and doña Leonor de Cortinas (1593). "There were but two families in the world, Have-much and Have-little." Rodrigo was imprisoned because of debts in 1551, and it brought much hardship to the rest of the family. After studying philosophy and literature in Italy, Miguel enlisted as a soldier in Naples in 1570. Aboard the ship Marquesa he lost the use of his left hand 'by a musket-shot in the battle of Lepanto' [1571] . A few years later the galley that Cervantes was sailing home on was captured by Barbary pirates. He was enslaved in Algiers along with many other Christians. While he did attempt to escape, it was not until 1580 that his family, especially by the efforts of his mother, and the Trinitarians, were able to pay ransom for him.
Living in Madrid, Cervantes had an affair with Ana de Villafranca, with whom he had a daughter, Isabel de Saavedra. In 1584 he married Catalina de Palacios and started writing plays and poetry, "The pen is the tongue of the mind." including a pastoral romance in verse and prose La Galatea (1585), his first published work. When his writing produced little income he obtained a position with the government, and worked for the Spanish Armada and as a tax collector. Many times he ran into financial and other difficulties for which he was imprisoned.
In 1604, Cervantes and his wife and daughter were living in Valladolid. After the publication of Don Quixote they moved back to Madrid. The Exemplary Novels of Cervantes (Novelas ejemplares) was published in 1613, which includes tales of pirates gypsies, inspired by Cervantes' own life experiences. The same year it was published, he joined the Third Order of Saint Francis. The second part of Don Quixote (1615) was followed by Persiles and Segismunda (1616). Miguel de Cervantes died in 1616 and is buried in the Convent of the Barefoot Trinitarians (Convento de los Trinitarios) in Madrid, Spain.
Published when Cervantes was fifty-eight years old, his oft-quoted burlesque of 16th century Spanish society explores the universal themes of human nature "Every man is as Heaven made him, and sometimes a great deal worse." (ibid). Don Quixote exerted a profound influence on European literature--it was published to great success and widely lauded for its satire of existing tales of chivalry and 'mischief';
In a village of La Mancha, the name of which I have no desire to call to mind, there lived not long since one of those gentlemen that keep a lance in the lance-rack, an old buckler, a lean hack, and a greyhound for coursing. An olla of rather more beef than mutton, a salad on most nights, scraps on Saturdays, lentils on Fridays, and a pigeon or so extra on Sundays, made away with three-quarters of his income. The rest of it went in a doublet of fine cloth and velvet breeches and shoes to match for holidays, while on week-days he made a brave figure in his best homespun. He had in his house a housekeeper past forty, a niece under twenty, and a lad for the field and market-place, who used to saddle the hack as well as handle the bill-hook. The age of this gentleman of ours was bordering on fifty; he was of a hardy habit, spare, gaunt-featured, a very early riser and a great sportsman. They will have it his surname was Quixada or Quesada (for here there is some difference of opinion among the authors who write on the subject), although from reasonable conjectures it seems plain that he was called Quexana. This, however, is of but little importance to our tale; it will be enough not to stray a hair's breadth from the truth in the telling of it.
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